Ilaris
Ilaris: instructions for use and reviews
- 1. Release form and composition
- 2. Pharmacological properties
- 3. Indications for use
- 4. Contraindications
- 5. Method of application and dosage
- 6. Side effects
- 7. Overdose
- 8. Special instructions
- 9. Application during pregnancy and lactation
- 10. Use in childhood
- 11. In case of impaired renal function
- 12. For violations of liver function
- 13. Use in the elderly
- 14. Drug interactions
- 15. Analogs
- 16. Terms and conditions of storage
- 17. Terms of dispensing from pharmacies
- 18. Reviews
- 19. Price in pharmacies
Latin name: Ilaris
ATX code: L04AC08
Active ingredient: canakinumab (Canakinumab)
Producer: Novartis Pharma Stein, AG (Novartis Pharma Stein, AG) (Switzerland)
Description and photo update: 2019-09-07
Ilaris is an immunosuppressive agent.
Release form and composition
Ilaris is produced in the form of a lyophilisate for the preparation of a solution for subcutaneous (s / c) administration, which is a white lyophilized powder. The solution recovered from the lyophilisate is a slightly opalescent liquid from pale yellow to pale brown or slightly brownish yellow.
Packaging:
- lyophilisate: 150 mg each in 6 ml colorless glass vials, 1 vial is placed in a cardboard box;
- lyophilisate complete with a solvent * and an injection set: in one plastic tray - 1 bottle with the drug and 1 bottle with a solvent, in the second plastic tray - a set of injection devices: 1 sterile syringe with the Luer-Lock system, 1 safe sterile needle for injections, 2 Luer-Lock adapters, 4 alcohol wipes; both plastic pallets are placed in a cardboard box.
Each pack also contains instructions for the use of Ilaris.
* Solvent - water for injection: clear, colorless liquid, 5 ml each in 6 ml colorless glass vials.
Composition of 1 bottle of lyophilisate:
- active substance: canakinumab - 150 mg;
- auxiliary components: hydrochloric acid 1 M, sucrose, L-histidine hydrochloride monohydrate, L-histidine, polysorbate-80.
Pharmacological properties
Pharmacodynamics
The active substance of Ilaris, canakinumab, is an immunosuppressant, fully human monoclonal antibody to interleukin-1β (IL-1β), of the IgG1 / kappa isotype. The drug has a high affinity for human IL-1β, due to which it neutralizes its biological effect, blocks the interaction of IL-1β with its receptors, and also prevents IL-1β-induced gene activation and the production of inflammatory mediators such as IL-6 and COX- 2 (cyclooxygenase-2).
In systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA), Ilaris promotes the rapid and lasting improvement of articular and systemic symptoms of the disease. The majority of patients showed a rapid disappearance of fever, a significant decrease in the number of inflamed joints, and a decrease in acute phase reactants.
Approximately 33% of patients on the 29th day of treatment, according to the pediatric criteria of the American College of Rheumatology, showed a 100% improvement in the course of sJIA compared to the placebo group, in which there was no effect. The use of canakinumab can significantly reduce the dose and in some cases even cancel glucocorticosteroids. Ilaris extends the time period before the disease flares up, improves the patient's quality of life and makes it easier to perform daily tasks.
The use of canakinumab reduces the severity of symptoms of local and systemic inflammatory reactions caused by excessive production of IL-1β in gouty arthritis and various phenotypes of cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS), including in chronic infantile neurological skin-articular syndrome / multisystem infantile inflammatory disease (Chronic infantile neurological cutaneous and articular / Neonatal onset multisystemic inflammatory disease, CINCA / NOMID), Muckle-Wells Syndrome (MWS), familial cold urticaria / familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome (Cold Familial Cold Autoinflammatory Syndrome, FCU / FCAS). In patients with an acute attack of gouty arthritis, Ilaris reduces the concentration of laboratory markers of inflammation [C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (CAA)], rapidly eliminating signs of inflammation of the affected joint, such as swelling, pain and redness.
In patients with frequent exacerbations of gout attacks (at least 3 per year), who received Ilaris s / c 150 mg, compared with the control group (patients who received 40 mg of triamcinolone), a statistically significant decrease in the intensity of pain syndrome was noted, with an improvement observed already about 24 hours after injection and persists for 7 days after injection.
In patients treated with Ilaris, compared with the control group, a statistically significant reduction in the risk of developing a new gout attack was revealed: by 62% - with therapy lasting 12 weeks, by 56% - with therapy lasting 24 weeks.
With gouty arthritis, the effectiveness of Ilaris in people over 65 years old is comparable to that in younger patients.
With various CAPS phenotypes, canakinumab reduces the following symptoms of the disease within the first day after administration: fever, fatigue, weakness, headache / migraine, conjunctivitis, skin rash, myalgia, arthralgia. Within a few days after the start of treatment, there is a decrease in the production of inflammatory markers (including CAA and CPV), the number of platelets and leukocytes normalizes (if they increase).
With prolonged treatment with the drug (48 weeks), 97% of patients with CAPS within 7 days after starting therapy had a complete response to therapy, which was defined as a combination of a significant reduction or complete disappearance of symptoms of the disease and skin lesions (urticaria-like rash) as well as a decrease in CAA and CPV <10 mg / l.
No relapses were observed in patients receiving canakinumab (in the placebo group, relapses were noted in 81% of patients).
Pharmacokinetics
The maximum concentration (C max) of canakinumab after s / c administration of Ilaris at a dose of 150 mg to adult patients with different CAPS phenotypes is reached within about 7 days. The average terminal half-life (T 1/2) is 26 days. The absolute bioavailability, according to a population pharmacokinetic analysis in patients with CAPS (including children from 2 years of age), is 66%.
Indicators C max and AUC (area under the curve "concentration - time") increase in proportion to the administered dose in the range from 0.30 to 10.0 mg / kg (150-600 mg) with subcutaneous administration and intravenous infusion.
Canakinumab binds to serum IL-1β.
Stationary volume of distribution (Vss) varies with body weight. So in patients with CAPS and a body weight of 70 kg, this figure is 6.2 liters; in patients with sJIA and weighing 33 kg - 3.2 liters; in persons with gouty arthritis and weighing 93 kg - 7.9 liters. With prolonged use of the drug (within 6 months) with the introduction of Ilaris every 8 weeks at 150 mg, every 4 weeks at 4 mg / kg, every 12 weeks at 150 mg, the cumulation coefficient of canakinumab is 1.3, respectively; 1.6 and 1.1.
The clearance of the drug also depends on body weight. In patients with CAPS and a body weight of 70 kg, this figure is 0.17 l / day; in patients with sJIA and weighing 33 kg - 0.11 l / day; in persons with gouty arthritis and weighing 93 kg - 0.23 l / day. After adjusting for the difference in body weight, there were no significant differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters of canakinumab in patients with different CAPS phenotypes, sJIA and gouty arthritis.
With repeated use of Ilaris, there is no increase in clearance or a change in any other time-dependent pharmacokinetic parameters of the drug.
If the appointment of canakinumab is carried out taking into account the patient's weight, his age and gender do not matter.
Pharmacokinetics in special cases:
- age up to 18 years: in children from 4 years of age, after a single subcutaneous injection of canakinumab at a dose of 150 mg or 2 mg / kg, C max is achieved within 2–7 days. Final T 1/2 - 22.9-25.7 days. The results of a population analysis of the pharmacokinetic properties of the drug in children aged 2–4 years are similar to those in children aged 4 years and older. Pharmacokinetics in children with sJIA and CAPS are similar. With subcutaneous administration of Ilaris every 4 weeks at 4 mg / kg to children with sJIA, the C max and AUC values were similar to those in patients 2–20 years old;
- age over 65 years: pharmacokinetic parameters based on Vss and clearance are similar to those in patients under 65 years of age.
Indications for use
- active phase of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) in children aged 2 years and older;
- cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS) in adults and children from 2 years of age, including Macle-Wales syndrome (MWS), familial cold urticaria (FCU) or familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome (FCAS), chronic infantile neurological skin-articular Syndrome (CINCA) or Infant Multisystem Inflammatory Disease (NOMID);
- acute gouty arthritis: treatment of frequent attacks and prevention of the development of new attacks in case of intolerance, ineffectiveness or the presence of contraindications to treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and / or colchicine and in the absence of the possibility of repeated courses of glucocorticosteroid therapy (GCS).
Contraindications
Absolute:
- acute infectious diseases;
- children under 2 years old;
- the period of pregnancy and breastfeeding;
- known hypersensitivity to any component of the drug.
Relative (Ilaris should be used with caution):
- any history of conditions that predispose to the development of infection;
- a history of recurrent infections;
- elderly age.
Ilaris, instructions for use: method and dosage
Ilaris is indicated for injection into the subcutaneous fatty tissue in the skin fold. The drug is injected into those parts of the body where there is a hypodermis: the anterior surface of the thighs, the abdomen, the posterolateral surface of the shoulders.
The lyophilisate is preliminarily dissolved in 1 ml of water for injection.
After training in the technique of preparing the solution and conducting subcutaneous injections, patients or their caregivers can independently inject the drug if the doctor deems it appropriate.
Ilaris is administered at intervals of 4–8–12 weeks. There is little clinical experience with the drug at intervals of less than 4 weeks.
Only a physician experienced in diagnosing and treating patients with CAPS can prescribe the drug and conduct treatment.
Gouty arthritis
Adults are prescribed 150 mg. Ilaris is administered once during an attack of gouty arthritis. The sooner the drug is administered after the onset of the attack, the higher its effectiveness.
If there is no clinical response to therapy after the first injection, no further dose should be given. Re-administrations are possible at minimum intervals of 12 weeks.
Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome
Recommended initial doses for adults and children from 4 years old, depending on their body weight:
- > 40 kg - 150 mg;
- from ≥ 15 kg to ≤ 40 kg - 2 mg / kg;
- from ≥ 7.5 kg to <15 kg - 4 mg / kg.
Children 2–4 years old with body weight ≥ 7.5 kg are prescribed Ilaris at 4 mg / kg.
Ilaris is given 1 injection every 8 weeks.
If at a starting dose of 150 mg (in patients weighing> 40 kg) or 2 mg / kg (when weighing ≥ 15 kg to ≤ 40 kg) there is no satisfactory clinical response, i.e. the process of resolving the symptoms of the disease (including rash and inflammation) is not observed within 7 days after the first injection, repeated administration of a similar dose is possible. If a complete clinical response is achieved after repeated administration of Ilaris, further maintenance therapy is recommended at intervals of 8 weeks at a dose of 300 mg for patients weighing> 40 kg and at a dose of 4 mg / kg for patients weighing ≥ 15 kg to ≤ 40 kg.
If no satisfactory effect is observed after a repeated dose for 7 days, a third injection at a dose of 300 mg for patients weighing> 40 kg and at a dose of 4 mg / kg for patients weighing ≥ 15 kg to ≤ 40 kg is possible … If a complete clinical response is achieved after the third injection, further maintenance therapy is recommended at intervals of 8 weeks at a dose of 600 mg for patients weighing> 40 kg and at a dose of 8 mg / kg for patients weighing ≥ 15 kg to ≤ 40 kg.
If no clinical effect is observed in patients weighing ≥ 7.5 kg to <15 kg after an initial dose of 4 mg / kg for 7 days, Ilaris may be re-administered at a similar dose. If a complete clinical response is achieved after repeated injection of the drug, further maintenance therapy is recommended for 1 injection at intervals of 8 weeks at a dose of 8 mg / kg.
Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Patients weighing more than 7.5 kg are prescribed 4 mg / kg every 4 weeks.
Directions for use of the drug
For the injection you need:
- 1 bottle with lyophilisate;
- 1 ampoule or 1 bottle of water for injection;
- 1 syringe with a volume of 1 ml;
- 1 large needle (50 mm) for solution preparation;
- 1 small needle (13 mm) for subcutaneous injection;
- alcohol swabs;
- dry clean tampons;
- adhesive plaster;
- container for used needles and syringe.
Solution preparation rules:
- Remove the protective cap from the vial with the lyophilisate without touching the rubber stopper with your hands. Wipe the cork and ampoule / bottle with water for injection with an alcohol solution.
- Open packages with a syringe and a large needle. Put the needle on the syringe.
- Carefully remove the protective cap from the needle and set it aside.
- Draw up 1 ml of water for injection into a syringe.
- Insert a needle and syringe into the center of the lyophilisate vial stopper and slowly inject all of the water for injection.
- Remove the syringe with the needle from the vial and put the protective cap on it.
- Without touching the rubber stopper, tilt the bottle at an angle of 45 ° and rotate for 1 minute to mix the contents. Do not shake! Then put the bottle to stand for 5 minutes.
- Gently turn the bottle upside down and back 10 times without touching the rubber stopper.
- Leave the bottle again for 15 minutes at room temperature. Do not shake. The solution must be transparent, do not use the drug in the presence of impurities.
- Make sure all the solution is at the bottom of the bottle. You can tap the wall lightly to get the drops on the cork down.
The solution can be used or refrigerated, but not more than 24 hours.
Preparation for injection:
- Using an alcohol swab, wipe the rubber stopper of the bottle with the ready-made injection solution.
- Remove the protective cap from the large needle, pull back the piston to the 1.0 ml mark by drawing air into it.
- Insert the needle into the center of the rubber stopper and insert it into the vial so that it is above the solution and release all the air (do not release air directly into the solution).
- Without turning the bottle over, insert the needle to its bottom.
- Tilt the bottle slightly and, slowly pulling back the syringe plunger, collect the required amount of solution (from 0.2 to 1 ml), preventing air from entering the syringe with the solution.
- Check the syringe for the required dose. Remove the syringe with the needle from the vial.
- Put a protective cap on the needle, remove it from the syringe and put it in a special container.
- Open the package with a small needle and put it on the syringe. Set aside.
Injection rules:
- Choose an injection site. Check for damage, redness, rash, bruising, skin irregularities or scarring.
- Wipe the area with a new alcohol wipe and wait for the skin to dry.
- Remove the protective cap from the injection needle.
- Gently squeeze the skin over the injection site. Take the syringe at a 90 ° angle and carefully insert the needle completely under the skin.
- Inject the drug completely. Avoid entering a blood vessel. Release the skin fold and remove the needle.
- Put the used needle and syringe into a special container.
After injection:
- Do not rub the injection site. In case of bleeding, press with a dry swab on the injection site and hold for 1-2 minutes or until the bleeding stops. Then seal the injection site with a plaster.
- Never reuse a syringe and needle. After use, they should be placed in a container for subsequent disposal.
- Never use residual solution and water for injection. They should be disposed of.
Side effects
Adverse reactions identified in actively-controlled studies (in patients with acute attacks of gouty arthritis who received the drug in doses from 10 to 300 mg) and placebo-controlled clinical studies (in patients with CAPS who received a dose of 150 mg with a body weight> 40 kg and a dose of 2 mg / kg with a body weight of ≥ 15 kg to ≤ 40 kg, patients 2–20 years old with sJIA), are classified according to the frequency of development as follows: very often - ≥ 1/10 cases, often - from ≥ 1/100 up to <1/10, infrequently - from ≥ 1/1000 to <1/100, rarely - from ≥ 1/10 000 to <1/1000, very rarely - <1/10 000, the frequency is unknown - to estimate the frequency of data development not enough.
In children 2–17 years old and elderly patients ≥ 65 years old, there were no significant differences in the safety profile of Ilaris, including the overall frequency and severity of infections, compared with the general population of patients. Upper respiratory tract infections were most frequently observed in children.
In clinical studies of patients receiving Ilaris, adverse events have been reported, which doctors regarded as hypersensitivity reactions. As a rule, they were light in nature. Anaphylactoid and anaphylactic reactions were not observed when using Ilaris. However, the risk of developing severe hypersensitivity reactions cannot be ruled out. Antibodies to the drug in patients receiving Ilaris for CAPS, gouty arthritis and sJIA were detected in 1.5%, respectively; 2% and 3% of cases. The relationship between the formation of antibodies, clinical response to therapy and the development of adverse reactions has not been identified.
Gouty arthritis
- from the musculoskeletal system: often - back pain;
- from the side of metabolism: often - dyslipidemia;
- from the nervous system: often - vertigo;
- from the hematopoietic system: often - leukopenia, thrombocytopenia; infrequently - neutropenia;
- from the liver and biliary tract: often - an increase in the level of bilirubin and the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST);
- from the digestive system: often - vomiting; infrequently - gastroesophageal reflux disease;
- labyrinth disorders: often - dizziness;
- infectious and invasive diseases: very often - infections, in particular sinusitis (viral), pharyngitis, nasopharyngitis, ear infections, bronchitis, upper respiratory tract infections, pneumonia, influenza, panniculitis, gastroenteritis, urinary tract infections;
- local reactions: often - a reaction at the injection site;
- general reactions: infrequently - general weakness;
- changes in laboratory parameters: infrequently - a decrease in the number of leukocytes, platelets and the absolute number of neutrophils, a transient increase in the concentration of uric acid, an increase in the activity of AST and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), an increase in the concentration of triglycerides.
Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome
- labyrinth disorders: very often - vertigo;
- infectious and invasive diseases: very often - nasopharyngitis; often - upper respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, viral infections, gastroenteritis;
- from the digestive system: infrequently - nausea;
- local reactions: often - a reaction at the injection site;
- changes in laboratory parameters: infrequently - a decrease in the number of platelets, leukocytes and neutrophils, an increase in hemoglobin, an increase in the activity of hepatic transaminases, a slight asymptomatic increase in the content of bilirubin in the blood serum.
Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis
- from the digestive system: very often - pain in the upper abdomen;
- infectious and invasive diseases: very often - infections (in particular rhinitis, sinusitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, nasopharyngitis, viral infections of the upper respiratory tract, pneumonia, gastroenteritis, urinary tract infections, viral infection);
- from the skin and subcutaneous tissues: very often - mild reactions at the injection site; often - reactions at the injection site of moderate severity (not requiring discontinuation of treatment);
- changes in laboratory parameters: infrequently - a decrease in the number of leukocytes, a transient decrease in the absolute number of neutrophils, a moderate and transient decrease in platelets, an increase in ACT / ALT.
Overdose
No cases of overdose have been reported.
It is recommended to monitor the patient for the development of possible adverse events, if necessary, to carry out symptomatic therapy.
special instructions
The experience of using Ilaris in patients without an established mutation in the NLRP3 gene is insufficient.
There are reports of cases of the development of malignant neoplasms in patients receiving canakinumab. However, their risk during therapy with antibodies that bind IL-1 is unknown.
IL-1β inhibitors, including Ilaris, can cause neutropenia, or a decrease in the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) below 1.5 × 10 9 / L. Most often, neutropenia was observed in patients with other diseases, and not in patients with different CAPS phenotypes. Prior to the appointment of canakinumab, 1–2 months after the start of its use, and periodically during treatment, a CBC should be performed to detect possible neutropenia. Patients with existing neutropenia can be prescribed Ilaris only after normalization of the ANC. If a decrease in ANC is detected during the period of drug treatment, the issue of discontinuation of therapy should be considered.
Ilaris increases the incidence of serious infectious diseases, so patients need careful monitoring during treatment and after it is canceled. With the initial presence of infections, the drug cannot be prescribed until complete recovery. In the case of the development of severe infectious processes during treatment, the administration of Ilaris is stopped.
Severe and systemic infectious diseases that develop during therapy are usually accompanied by clinical symptoms (fever) and increased production of inflammatory markers (serum C-reactive protein content). However, the likelihood of the development of asymptomatic infectious processes cannot be completely ruled out, therefore it is necessary to ensure appropriate monitoring of the patient's condition.
In about 12% of patients with CAPS, when using Ilaris, positive tuberculin test results are revealed, while there are no signs of latent or active tuberculosis infection. There is no evidence that monoclonal antibodies to IL-1 (including Ilaris) can increase the risk of reactivation of tuberculous and opportunistic infections. However, before starting treatment, a thorough evaluation of patients for active or latent TB infection is recommended, including history taking and screening tests, such as a tuberculin test or IGRA (Interferon-Gamma Release Assay) tests, or a chest x-ray. Patients should be closely monitored during treatment. Patients should be warned about the need to see a doctor if they develop the following symptoms:low-grade fever, persistent cough and weight loss. When a tuberculin test converts from negative to positive (especially in high-risk individuals), alternative screening tests are indicated. If tuberculosis infection is confirmed, Ilaris is canceled or not prescribed.
Patients with sJIA during therapy with IL-1β inhibitors may develop macrophage activation syndrome, a life-threatening condition that requires intensive therapy. According to clinical studies, Ilaris does not increase the risk of developing this syndrome, however, doctors should be careful about the symptoms of infection and the worsening of sJIA.
Influence on the ability to drive vehicles and complex mechanisms
Patients in whom the administration of the drug Ilaris causes dizziness, it is recommended to refrain from potentially dangerous work until the condition normalizes.
Application during pregnancy and lactation
In animal studies, canakinumab has not been shown to have any reproductive toxicity. However, Ilaris is contraindicated during pregnancy. Women of reproductive age should use reliable methods of contraception during therapy and for 3 months after the last dose.
It is not known whether the drug penetrates into the mother's milk. If treatment is required during lactation, women are advised to stop breastfeeding.
Pediatric use
Ilaris is contraindicated for the treatment of children under 2 years of age.
With impaired renal function
Correction of the dosage regimen is not required, however, it should be borne in mind that the experience of clinical use of canakinumab in patients with impaired renal function is limited.
For violations of liver function
The efficacy and safety of canakinumab in patients with liver dysfunction have not been studied. Since Ilaris is a human IgG, it is assumed that its pharmacokinetics do not change in hepatic insufficiency.
Use in the elderly
Correction of the dosage regimen is not required, however, Ilaris should be used with caution.
Drug interactions
Special studies on the interaction of Ilaris with other drugs have not been conducted.
Expression of isoenzymes of the cytochrome P 450 system in the liver can be suppressed by cytokines that stimulate chronic inflammation (such as IL-1β); therefore, potent inhibitors of cytokines can normalize the expression of isozymes of the cytochrome P 450 system in the liver. This phenomenon is clinically significant for drugs metabolized with the participation of cytochrome P 450 and having a narrow therapeutic index. When Ilaris is prescribed to patients who receive such drugs, their dose should be adjusted depending on the plasma concentration of the active substance and the clinical effect.
According to clinical studies, Ilaris can be safely used simultaneously with anti-gout agents.
Ilaris is not recommended for use in combination with TNF (tumor necrosis factor) inhibitors and other IL-1β blockers, since the combination increases the risk of severe infections.
There are no data on the effect of live vaccines and on the possible secondary transmission of infections when using canakinumab. Live vaccines should only be administered if the expected benefit from immunization is clearly greater than the potential risk. Vaccination (including pneumococcal vaccine and inactivated influenza vaccine) should be carried out according to the vaccination schedule, optimally before the start of Ilaris. If necessary, the introduction of live vaccines is allowed after the start of treatment with the drug, however, the intervals between vaccination and Ilaris injections should be maintained for at least 3 months.
In accordance with the data of clinical studies, when a single dose of 300 mg canakinumab was administered to healthy adult volunteers, there were no changes in the time of antibody production and in the persistence of the post-vaccination response when immunized with a glycosylated protein vaccine against influenza and meningococcal infection.
Analogs
Ilaris's analogs are Advagraf, Afinitor, Gilenia, Leflayd, Leflunomid, Maysept, Modena, Nulojix, Orencia, Prograf, Rapamun, Sandimmun, Certikan, Supresta, Tacrolimus, Felomica, Humira, Cyclosporin Eksal, Ekoetral and dr.
Terms and conditions of storage
Store in a dark place at a temperature of 2-8 ° C. Do not freeze. Keep out of the reach of children.
The shelf life is 3 years.
Terms of dispensing from pharmacies
Dispensed by prescription.
Reviews about Ilaris
On specialized medical forums and sites, there are no reviews about Ilaris, which would make it possible to assess its effectiveness, portability and degree of safety. There are only isolated messages in which users indicate that they wanted to try treatment with this drug, but cannot afford it due to its too high cost.
Ilaris price in pharmacies
Depending on the region of sale and the pharmacy network, the price for Ilaris for 1 bottle of 150 mg can vary from 360,000 to 638,000 rubles.
Anna Kozlova Medical journalist About the author
Education: Rostov State Medical University, specialty "General Medicine".
Information about the drug is generalized, provided for informational purposes only and does not replace the official instructions. Self-medication is hazardous to health!