Analysis of urine
The study of urine is carried out in laboratory conditions to identify various diseases, assess the state of the body and dynamics of the disease, the effectiveness of therapy.
The final diagnosis is not made solely by urine analysis, with its help abnormalities are usually detected and this is the reason for the appointment of additional studies that can finally reveal impaired renal function, diseases of other internal organs, and detect latent inflammation.
There are several types of research: biochemical, general urine analysis and by the Nechiporenko method.
General urine analysis
For preventive purposes, such an analysis is prescribed to all patients who, for various reasons, have applied to a medical institution.
In the decoding of this urine test, the indicators are indicated as follows:
- urine color;
- transparency;
- smell;
- specific gravity;
- the content of protein, glucose, bile pigments and ketone bodies;
- leukocytes and erythrocytes;
- fungi, parasites and bacteria;
- epithelial cells;
- cylinders and salts.
The norm is transparent, and light yellow urine, the smell should be blurry. Specific gravity is a coefficient reflecting the kidney's ability to concentrate, it should not exceed 1.024.
The norm of leukocytes for men is 0-3; 0-6 - in women; erythrocytes: for men - 0-1; 0-3 - in women.
The number of epithelial cells should not exceed 0-10.
Proteins, glucose, bile pigments and ketone bodies, parasites, bacteria and fungi should not be present in the urine of a healthy person.
A bad urine test is called if serious deviations from the specified norms are found. For example, an increase in specific gravity may indicate diabetes mellitus, a decrease in excess fluid in the body and diabetes insipidus. Reddish urine indicates damage to the urinary ducts, bladder, tumor, colorless urine - about advanced kidney disease. It is undesirable that there is mucus or bacteria in the urine, its bad smell indicates a poor metabolism, infection, diabetes. Elevated protein indicates nephrotic syndrome and inflammation, glucose and ketone bodies indicate diabetes. Bilirubin is one of the bile pigments found in people with liver pathologies.
Biochemical analysis of urine
Biochemical analysis is done to assess the state of internal organs, metabolism.
Urinalysis indicators:
- glucose. Its norm is 0.03-0.05 g / l;
- total protein - no more than 0.033 g / l;
- amylase - 10-1240 udl;
- potassium - 38.4-81.8 mmol / day;
- phosphorus - 0.4-1.3 g / day;
- sodium - 100-260 mmol / day;
- creatinine - in men - 0.64-1.6 g / l, in women - 0.48-1.44 g / l;
- microalbumin - no more than 3-4.25 mmol / day;
- uric acid - 0.4-1 g / day;
- magnesium - 3-4.25 mmol / day;
- urea - 333-578 mmol / day
Poor urinalysis, which found deviations from these norms, may indicate infection, poisoning, kidney or liver disease.
Analysis according to Nechiporenko
If there is a suspicion of latent inflammation of the genitourinary system, an analysis is performed according to Nechiporenko. For this analysis, take the middle part of the urine stream and pay attention to the increased level of leukocytes, erythrocytes, cylinders. A high level of these indicators of urinalysis indicates infection, cystitis, prostate adenoma, pyelonephritis, urolithiasis, glomerulonephritis and other serious kidney diseases.
Urine analysis during pregnancy
A woman during pregnancy takes a urine test at every scheduled examination, because the genitourinary system is under great stress, and its functionality must be controlled. Doctors are usually interested in a general urine test.
The presence of protein in the urine is allowed, but not more than 300 mg / day. If the rate is too high, the kidneys should be checked. With a sharp increase in protein, the question of hospitalization of the mother is raised.
Elevated leukocytes in the analysis of urine during pregnancy indicate pyelonephritis, kidney infections.
Clouding of urine indicates that it contains urates, phosphates, pus, calcium oxalates, leukocytes, bacteria, erythrocytes.
The presence of ketone bodies during pregnancy indicates early toxicosis.
When receiving a poor urine test, a woman is recommended to donate urine for bacteriological culture, repeated general analysis.
Urine analysis in children
In most cases, the analysis of urine in children is carried out in general, only the norms of indicators of urine analysis in a child differ from those of an adult.
The specific gravity of urine in newborn children should not exceed 1.018, in children from the fifth day to two years -1.002-1.004, in children 2-3l - 1.010-1.017, 4-5l - 1.012-1.020, in children after 10l - 1.011-1.025 …
The norm of leukocytes for boys is 5, for girls - 7; erythrocytes - 3-4; epithelial cells - 1-2;
How to properly collect urine for research
To obtain adequate test results, the patient is advised to stop taking uroseptics and antibiotics on the eve of urine collection, refrain from eating foods that can affect the color (asparagus, carrots, blueberries, beets, rhubarb). The liquid should be consumed in the usual volume, no more and no less.
Before collecting urine for analysis from children, adults, it is necessary to make a regular toilet of the genitals, but without the use of antibacterial and disinfectants.
It is undesirable to donate urine for analysis during menstruation, soon after cystoscopy, less than 12 hours after the last sexual intercourse.
Urine for biochemical analysis can be taken during the day, for general urine analysis, research by the Nechiporenko method - only in the morning.
The collected urine is suitable for analysis only for two hours: it quickly decomposes, and bacteria and salts can appear in it that can affect the results of the study.
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